What were the ludi circenses?

Ludi circenses refers specifically to the popular public games in ancient Rome that were primarily characterized by chariot racing. These events were held in circuses, with the Circus Maximus being the most famous venue. The races typically featured teams of horses and their chariots competing for speed and skill, and they were a major source of entertainment for the Roman populace, often accompanied by a festive atmosphere. While ludi could include various types of games and performances, the particular association of ludi circenses with chariot races makes this the correct answer. Religious festivals, public speeches, and musical performances comprised other aspects of Roman culture and events, but they do not describe the essence of ludi circenses.