Which December festival provided a model for Christmas?

The December festival that provided a model for Christmas is Saturnalia. This ancient Roman holiday, celebrated from December 17 to December 23, was characterized by revelry, feasting, gift-giving, and a spirit of social reversal, where societal norms were temporarily set aside. Many of the customs associated with Saturnalia—such as exchanging gifts, decorating homes with greenery, and holding festive meals—found their way into Christmas traditions as they evolved in the early Christian church. The timing of Saturnalia around the winter solstice also aligned with the establishment of Christmas on December 25, which was chosen to coincide with popular pagan festivals celebrating light and rebirth during this time of year.

Understanding Saturnalia's influence helps clarify why certain Christmas customs may feel familiar or similar to ancient Roman practices. The blending of traditions showcases how cultural practices are often absorbed and adapted over time, which can be seen in the way Christmas has evolved into both a religious and secular holiday that resonates with many people around the world.