Which rock in ancient Rome was known for the execution of traitors?

The correct choice highlights Tarpeian Rock, which holds historical significance as a location in ancient Rome notorious for executions, particularly of traitors. It was a steep cliff located on the southern summit of the Capitoline Hill. In Roman tradition, those found guilty of treason and other severe crimes were thrown from this rock as a form of capital punishment, symbolizing the severe consequences of disloyalty to the state. This practice was not only a method of execution but also served as a public spectacle, reinforcing the power of the Roman authorities and the serious nature of treasonous acts.

Capitoline Hill, while it is true that Tarpeian Rock is a part of it, is more broadly associated with the religious and political heart of Rome rather than with executions specifically. Palatine Hill and Aventine Hill are historically important as well, linked to the origins of Rome and various political events, but they did not have the same association with the execution of traitors as Tarpeian Rock did.